In this book John A. Hawkins argues that major patterns of variation across languages are structured by general principles of efficiency in language use and communication. Evidence for these comes from languages permitting structural options from which selections are made in performance, e.g. between competing word orders and between relative clauses with a resumptive pronoun versus a gap.

Assessing Performance: Designing, Scoring, and Validating Performance Tasks

A comprehensive resource for assessment practitioners, this book provides step-by-step guidance for developing, administering, scoring, and validating a range of performance tasks, including literacy and other types of proficiency assessments. 

The objective of this book is to better acquaint English-speaking linguistics with a corpus of texts hitherto untranslated, containing the cognitive-based research in formal linguistics of one of the most important theoreticians in the field: Antoine Culioli (b. 1924). Culioli's viewpoint is grounded in Emile Benveniste's (1902-1976) revolutionary answer to Saussure's opposition between competence (langue) and performance (parole) captured in the idea of énonciation, in which the relationship between an individual and a language is one of appropriation.

A collection of essays originally presented on the Blackfriars stage at the American Shakesepeare Center, Shakespeare Expressed brings together scholars and practitioners, often promoting ideas that can be translated into classroom experiences. Drawing on essays presented at the Sixth Blackfriars Conference, held in October 2011, the essays focus on Shakespeare in performance by including work from scholars, theatrical practitioners (actors, directors, dramaturgs, designers), and teachers in a format that facilitates conversations at the intersection of textual scholarship, theatrical performance, and pedagogy.

Proficiency Testbuilder 4th edition with answer keys

Another title in this popular series of 'Tests that Teach', designed to help improve students' exam performance and increase language competence at Proficiency level. Fully Revised for the Cambridge ESOL Proficiency 2013 exam, there is now an option to buy this testbuilder to include access to Macmillan Practice Online. 

Key Features: 
• Fully revised for the 2013 Proficiency exam 
• Four complete practice tests 
• Further practice and guidance pages develop confidence in exam technique and strategies for timing and improving performance on each part of the four papers

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