Each of the chapters in this book is based on a lecture given at the seventh ‘Infection and Immunity in Children’ (IIC) course held at the end of June 2009 at Keble College, Oxford. Thus, it is the seventh book in a series, which collectively provide succinct and readable updates on just about every aspect of the discipline of Paediatric Infectious Diseases. The eighth course (28–30 June 2010) has another exciting programme delivered by renowned top-class speakers, and an eighth edition of this book will duly follow. The clinical discipline of Paediatric Infectious Diseases continues to grow and flourish in Europe. The University of Oxford Diploma Course in Paediatric Infectious Diseases, started in 2008, is now well established with a large number of trainees enrolled from all parts of Europe. The Oxford IIC course, as well as other European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID)-sponsored educational activities, is an integral part of this course. We hope this book will provide a further useful contribution to the materials available to trainees and practitioners in this important and rapidly developing field.