This book is based on results from a National Science Foundation-supported project aimed at clarifying the nature of principles that govern the effective use of emerging new research designs in mathematics and science education. The project involved a series of mini-conferences in which leading researchers in mathematics and science education developed detailed specifications for the book, as well as planning and revising chapters to be included. Chapters also were field tested and revised during a series of doctoral research seminars that were sponsored by the National Center for Improving Student Learning & Achievement in Mathematics & Science at the University of Wisconsin. In these seminars, computer-based videoconferencing and World Wide Web-(WWW)-based discussion groups were used to create interactions in which authors of potential chapters served as guest discussion leaders responding to questions and comments from doctoral students and faculty members representing more than a dozen leading research universities throughout the United States and abroad.