Religion and State - The Muslim Approach to Politics The author argues that Muslims had never previously faced a material and cultural challenge such as the West presented them during the last two centuries; and that this modern-times challenge has been more severe for Muslims than for any other peoples. “Islam and the West, it can be argued, is a special case.” From this base, he sketches the Muslim leaders’ generally accommodationist responses to the West and the concurrent decline in Islamic influence. The leaders imbued the public sphere with an activist spirit and educated much larger numbers of students. But these “secularizing, centralizing, nationalizing” states also created impossible expectations of themselves that they completely failed to deliver on. This failure provided an opening for the shunted-aside Islamists to have their say. And the rest, as they say, is history
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