Europe and the Wars of Religion (1500-1700)
(24 lectures, 30 minutes/lecture)
Taught by Govind Sreenivasan
Brandeis University
Ph.D., Harvard University
The period covered in this course (1500-1700) was a very turbulent time. There was a great deal of political instability combined with power struggles between political leaders within a country, various countries, and religious institutions. Throughout the time the various political leaders tried to consolidate their power and expand their territories and influence. At the same time the church was trying to consolidate its authority and power.
With everyone trying to consolidate and centralize their power there came times when their goals were in direct opposition to each other. When a political authority and a church authority considered themselves both to be the ultimate authority in a matter or over an area there was sure to be conflict. When a persecuted minority saw opportunity to become recognized and fit into society they had to take those opportunities.
This course focuses on five primary conflicts that came out of these clashes between different political and religious interests. The five conflicts are the French Wars of Religion, the Revolt of the Netherlands, the Thirty Years War, the English Civil War, and the Glorious Revolution. An example of how these conflicts were tied to politics and power struggles is a situation where the "official" religion of the country is whatever religion the king practiced and any other religion was persecuted or at most barely tolerated. This was a very common situation of the time period. Sometimes a king would die and a child would be placed on the throne. This situation presented the opportunity for the minority religion to influence the child and so find a place of acceptance in society. Of course, the established religion had an interest in maintaining its position.
To understand the internal strife and wars of the time period without looking at the religious factors is to understand a single element that does not present a complete picture. This was a time period when the church was often more powerful than the ruler in many matters and so to understand the period requires an understanding of the effect of religion and the religious wars on society. This is a highly recommended course and Professor Sreenivasan does an excellent job of bringing a complex political quagmire into clear focus so all sides of the situation become understandable.

Hew Headway English Course, Beginner, Teacher's Book
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'English Grammar: A University Course' by Angela Downing and Philip Locke
Курс английской грамматики, как и следует из названия учебника, для первокурсников ВУЗов, у которых английский не является родным языком.

This comprehensive up-to-date descriptive grammar is a complete course  for first degree and post-graduate students of English as a Foreign Language. It is also suitable as a background course for literature and discourse studies, since grammatical usage is illustrated with authentic texts, many of them from  literary sources. Originally published by Prentice Hall in 1992, this text is now readily available world-wide from Routledge. Features include: *chapters divided into modules of class-length material *literary and other authentic texts and transcriptions contextualise structure *clear chapter and module
summaries enabling efficient teacher preparation and student revision *tasks for individual study at the end of each chapter *answer key to tasks *comprehensive index.