There has been a remarkable growth of interest in the assessment of student learning and its relation to learning processes in higher education over the past ten years. Much of the work has sought to explicate the relationship between assessment and learning, and to provide academics with examples of assessment practices that have been considered as successful in promoting learning as well as judging students’ achievements. Other work has provided descriptions and frameworks for assessing what have come to be termed ‘learning outcomes’. It is now timely to take stock of some of the critical concepts that underpin our understanding of the relationships between assessment and learning.