Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) was born in Florence. He served the Florentine republic as secretary and second chancellor, but was expelled from public life when the Medici family returned to power in 1512. His other works include T"he Discourses, The Art of War," and the comic satire "The Mandrake." Peter Constantine is the recipient of a PEN Translation Prize and a National Translation Award. His Modern Library translations include T"he Essential Writings of Machiavelli, Voltaire's Candide," and Tolstoy's "The Cossacks," He lives in New York City.