Written specifically for teachers, this book offers a wealth of research-based principles for motivating students to learn. Its focus on motivational principles rather than motivation theorists or theories leads naturally into discussion of specific classroom strategies. Throughout the book these principles and strategies are tied to the realities of contemporary schools (e.g., curriculum goals) and classrooms (e.g., student differences, classroom dynamics). The author employs an eclectic approach to motivation that shows how to effectively integrate the use of extrinsic and intrinsic strategies. Guidelines are provided for adapting motivational principles to group and individual differences and for doing "repair work" with students who have become discouraged or disaffected learners.
Table of Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Student Motivation: The Teacher's Perspective
Definition and Overview of Motivation
Evolving Views of Motivation
Motivation in the Classroom
Student Motivation to Learn as Your Goal
Motivation as a Component of Situated Action Schemas
Stimulating and Socializing Motivation to Learn
Motivation as Expectancy × Value Reasoning, Often Within a Social Context
Organization of the Book
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
2 Establishing a Learning Community in Your Classroom
Build a Learning Community
Make Yourself and Your Classroom Attractive to Students
Use Appealing Communication Practices
Focus Students' Attention on Individual and Collaborative Learning Goals
Teach for Understanding
Sociocultural Views of Teaching
Two Teachers with Contrasting Motivational Orientations
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
3 Supporting Students' Confidence as Learners
Achievement Situations
Early Work on Task Choice and Goal Setting in Achievement Situations
Subsequent Work on Expectation Aspects of Achievement Situations
Supporting Students' Confidence as Learners
Curriculum: Program for Success
Instruction: Help Students to Set Goals, Evaluate their Progress, and Recognize Effort-Outcome Linkages
Assessment: Emphasize Informative Feedback, Not Grading or Comparing Students
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
4 Goal Theory
Antecedents of Goal Theory
Development of Goal Theory
Goal Theory as Synthesis
Clarifying the Meanings and Implications of Students' Personal Achievement Goals
Expanding Beyond Achievement Goals
Applying Goal Theory
Goal Theory: Looking Ahead
Conclusion
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
5 Rebuilding Discouraged Students' Confidence and Willingness to Learn
Supporting the Motivation of Low Achievers
Resocializing Students with “Failure Syndrome” Problems
Weaning Students Away From Performance Goals and Overemphasis on Self-Worth Protection
Resocializing “Committed Underachievers”
Conclusion
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
6 Providing Extrinsic Incentives
The Value Aspects of Students' Motivation
Common Beliefs About Rewards
Controversy Over Extrinsic Rewards in Education
Strategies for Rewarding Students
Praising Your Students Effectively
Capitalizing on Existing Extrinsic Rewards: Call Students' Attention to the Instrumental Value of Learning
Competition: A Powerful But Problematic Extrinsic Incentive
Conclusion
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
7 Self-Determination Theory of Intrinsic Motivation: Meeting Students' Needs for Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Connecting with Students' Existing Intrinsic Motivation
Conceptions of Intrinsic Motivation
Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory
Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness as Bases for Autonomous Motivation
Responding to Students' Autonomy Needs
Responding to Students' Competence Needs
Responding to Students' Relatedness Needs
Self-Determination Theory: Looking Ahead
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
8 Other Ways to Support Students' Intrinsic Motivation
Theory and Research on Interest
Adapting Activities to Students' Interests
Adapting Traditional Learning Activities to Enhance their Intrinsic Motivation Potential
Instructional Approaches That Reflect Multiple Principles Working in Combination
Teachers' Experience-Based Motivational Strategies
Conclusion
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
9 Stimulating Students' Motivation to Learn
Motivation to Learn
Related Motivational Concepts
Bringing Students to the Lesson
Paving the Way for Motivation to Learn: Socializing
Teachers Often Need to Scaffold Students' Appreciation of their Learning, by Helping Them to Build Motivated Learning Schemas
Socializing Motivation to Learn as a General Disposition
Stimulating Students' Motivation to Learn in Specific Learning Situations
Strategies for Shaping Students' Expectations about the Learning
Strategies for Inducing Motivation to Learn
Strategies for Scaffolding Students' Learning Efforts
Self-Regulated Learning
Conclusion
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
10 Socializing Uninterested or Alienated Students
Consider Contracting and Incentive Systems
Develop and Work Within a Close Relationship with the Student
Discover and Build on Existing Interests
Help Students to Develop and Sustain More Positive Attitudes Toward School Work
Socialize Apathetic Students' Motivation to Learn
Teach Skills for Self-Regulated Learning and Studying
Teach Volitional Control Strategies
Conclusion
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
11 Adapting to Differences in Students' Motivational Patterns
Theoretical Positions on Group and Individual Differences
A Perspective on Accommodating Students' Preferences
Differences in Psychological Differentiation
Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences
Conclusions Regarding Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences
Changes with Age in Students' Motivational Patterns
Gender Differences
Differences in Family and Cultural Backgrounds within American Society
Counteracting Peer Pressures
Contrasts Between Nations and World Regions
Conclusion
Summary
Reflection Questions
References
12 Looking Back and Ahead: Integrating Motivational Goals into Your Planning and Teaching
The TARGET Categories
Keller's Model
Wlodkowski's Model
Incorporating Principles Presented in this Book
Maintaining Your Own Motivation as a Teacher
Summary and Conclusion
Reflection Questions
References
Author Index
Subject Index
